Your toga-partying, test-cramming days were years ago. So why should you care about tax credits for education? Because if you’re doling out some dollars for keeping up your skills (or your employees’), there are likely tax benefits to you or your company. 

How Employers Benefit 

Encouraging your employees to boost their skills with continued education impacts your bottom line in more ways than one. Employees who receive assistance covering educational costs are more motivated and loyal. They do not have to pick up the costs as income. They apply their new skills to help you improve your business. And the costs are tax deductible to boot. It’s a win-win. 

It’s simple: 

• Create a plan that details costs and classes covered and the reimbursement process. 
• Reimburse your employee for tuition costs on a tax-free basis (limitations may apply if the education is not “job-related”). 
• Receive a tax deduction. 

How Individuals Benefit 

If your employer does not provide an educational expense reimbursement plan, you can still receive a tax benefit in the form of the Lifetime Learning Credit. Whether you are pursuing a degree in your field or simply taking a class to help you improve your skills, you can take a credit for up to 20% of up to $10,000 in tuition costs and related expenses, for a maximum credit of $2,000. 

Limitations depend on income level. In 2023, for example, a married couple’s credit limitation starts at an adjusted gross income level of $160,000, and the benefit phases out completely at adjusted gross income of $180,000 or higher.  As the rules for a single taxpayer are different, and the phaseout amounts are adjusted annually, call Cray Kaiser to see which limitations apply to you. 

How the Self-Employed Benefit 

When you’re self-employed and dealing with a tax rate as high as 37%, investing in your education can benefit your bottom-line not only by improving your skills but also with some welcome tax deductions. As a self-employed taxpayer, business-related educational costs can be deducted directly against your business income. How does that impact your tax situation? Let’s look at an example of an attorney who is in the highest tax bracket. An attorney pays $1,000 for a seminar put on by a local law firm accredited for law coursework. By deducting the $1,000 in course fees, he saves at least $370 in federal taxes. That’s a tax deduction with some impact! 

While a Rodney Dangerfield-style deep dive back into your college days may not be in your future, hopefully you or your employees will take some classes along the way. You’re no doubt aware of the many benefits of updating and improving your skills and those of your team members. Be sure to consult with your accountant to understand how to take advantage of the tax benefits of continued education as well. 

Hearing marketing advice from your accountant may be surprising and unexpected, but if you are working on your IRS Tax Form 990—the return filed by non-profit organizations—it’s exactly what you should hear. At Cray Kaiser, we refer to Tax Form 990 as your “resume for big donors.”

 

Yes, your accountant checks over every detail to be sure that the IRS—the number one audience for Form 990—continues to consider the organization tax-exempt. But did you know that Form 990 is also available to and frequently read by the general public?

 

The audience goes far beyond the IRS, and the information contained on the form answers important questions for a wide variety of interested readers, including:

• Donors
• Researchers
• Foundation program officers
• Corporate giving officers
• Media
• Researchers
• Legislators
• Job applicants

 

Imagine a potential donor who is planning to make a large donation and is choosing among three organizations, one of which is yours. The donor pulls up the three 990 forms to learn more. She reviews mission statements, achievements and financials. She considers how much money went to the mission versus how much was spent on advertising and overhead. She examines Board of Trustees and senior management lists, possibly researching more about those involved with the organization.

 

How does your Form 990 compare? Will she choose your organization over one with a Form 990 that effectively communicates the mission of the organization and persuades readers to support the cause?

 

Using Form 990 as a marketing tool can be achieved with a few simple steps:

• If you have writers, marketers or public relations resources available to you, use them.
• When answering questions, attempt to grasp and hold on to the reader’s attention by writing in an interesting but concise manner. Consider your target audience. How can you answer the questions in a way that would most appeal to them?
• Use every opportunity to promote the organization. Rather than directing a reader to another response that seems to answer a similar question, answer every question to showcase your organization’s strengths.
• Tap into your company’s available assets. Refer to language and content in your grant proposals, annual report, marketing materials, social media, blogs, mission statements and any marketing materials.
• As you fill out this annual return, stay motivated and attentive. Review each and every question each year. Emphasize new accomplishments and new programming. Many organizations leave the narratives pro forma from prior years. This allows their descriptions and activities to look and sound dated.  Donors, like all consumers, want to partake in or contribute to fresh ideas and new causes.  Consider any changes in the organization, any new materials, language or content that could improve the form’s ability to persuade donors and other readers.

 

It’s not often that your tax form serves as a marketing tool, but in this case, that’s exactly what it is. Use this opportunity to persuade that donor with money to bestow that your cause it the most deserving one. And while you may not turn to your accountant for advice on your new logo or advertising campaign, the advice to use your Form 990 as a marketing tool can make the difference between getting that big donation or having it pass you by.

 

If you have questions about Tax Form 990, please contact Cray Kaiser today. We’re here to help!

If you fill out your own 1099, it always seems less daunting than other tax forms due to its shorter length. But did you know one little mistake can cost you $100 per infraction? Don’t let this “little form” bite you with expensive penalties later on. All mistakes are easily avoidable if you’re thorough.

Although the tax code contains some exceptions, income is generally taxable in the tax year received and expenses are claimed as deductions in the year paid. But “carryforwards” and “carrybacks” have special rules. In this case, certain losses and deductions can be carried forward to offset income in future years or carried back to offset income in prior years, providing tax benefits. 

Here are four examples:

Capital losses. After you net annual capital gains and capital losses, you can use any excess loss to offset up to $3,000 of ordinary income. Remaining losses can be carried over to offset gains in future years. The carryforward continues until the excess loss is exhausted. For example, suppose you have a net capital loss of $10,000 for 2023. After using $3,000 to offset ordinary income on your 2023 return, you carry the remaining $7,000 to 2024. The excess loss is first applied to your 2024 capital gains, and then to as much as $3,000 of your ordinary income. Any remaining loss is carried forward to 2025 and future years. 

Charitable deductions. Your annual charitable deductions are limited by a “ceiling” or maximum amount, as measured by a percentage. For example, the general rule is that your itemized deduction for most charitable donations for a year can’t exceed 50% of your adjusted gross income (AGI) (60% for years through 2025). Gifts of appreciated property are limited to 30% of your AGI (20% in some cases) in the tax year in which the donations are made. When you contribute more than these limits in a year, you can deduct the excess on future tax returns. The carryover period for charitable deductions is five years. 

Home office deduction. If you qualify for a home office deduction and you calculate your deduction using the regular method, your benefit for the current year can’t exceed the gross income from your business minus business expenses (other than home office expenses). Any excess is carried forward to the next year. Caution: No carryforward is available when you choose the “simplified” method to compute your home office deduction. 

Net operating losses (NOLs). Historically, NOLs could be carried back two years and forward 20 years. Under current law, NOL’s can only be carried forward in most cases. Give us a call for help in maximizing the tax benefits of carryforwards or carrybacks. 

Please note that this blog is based on tax laws effective in December 2023, and may not contain later amendments. Please contact Cray Kaiser for most recent information. 

Changes to the federal income tax code can prompt you to review the legal structure of your business. The 2018 TCJA lowered the corporate tax rate to 21% while barely adjusting the highest individual rate to 37%. At the most basic level, businesses are taxed as either stand-alone or pass-through entities, and a significant difference between corporate and individual tax rates is reason for a new assessment.

If you’re debating between operating as a C corporation or an S corporation, here are three tax aspects to consider.

1.) Income taxes. A difference you’re probably aware of between the two types of corporations is the way earnings are taxed. C corporations are stand-alone entities and pay federal income tax at the corporate level, based on business earnings. If the corporation has a loss, the loss offsets business income in past or future years.

S corporation earnings and losses are passed through to you, as a shareholder. Earnings are taxed on your individual income tax return at your personal tax rate. This is true even if you receive no cash from the business. Losses can offset other types of income such as wages, portfolio, or retirement income.

2.) Ownership. Tax rules limit the number and type of shareholders who can own an interest in your S corporation. For example, an S corporation can have no more than 100 shareholders, and they must all be U.S. citizens or residents. In addition, your S corporation can issue only one class of stock, meaning all shareholders have the same liquidation and distribution rights. When you form a C corporation, foreign owners can hold stock in your business. You can also issue stock with different ownership privileges, such as preferred stock, which grants priority in receiving corporate dividends.

3.) Dividends and distributions. In general, when corporate income is distributed to you as a shareholder, the distribution is a dividend. Whether your corporation is formed as a C corporation or an S corporation, the business gets no deduction.

However, as a C corporation shareholder, you’re required to include income distributions on your personal tax return. In effect, distributions are taxed twice, once on the corporate return and once on your return.

When you own stock in an S corporation, distributions can be considered a return of the money you invested in the business (and has already been taxed at your personal level). The distinction means you may not owe income tax, assuming you have basis in the corporation.

Many tax and nontax reasons will affect your choice of the best type of structure for your business. Please call our office for a complete evaluation.

Mutual funds offer an efficient means of combining investment diversification with professional management. Their income tax effects can be complex, however, and poorly timed purchases or sales can create unpleasant year-end surprises.

Mutual fund investors (excluding qualifying retirement plans) are taxed based on activities within each fund. If a fund investment generates taxable income or the fund sells one of its investments, the income or gain must be passed through to the shareholders. The taxable event occurs on the date the proceeds are distributed to the shareholders, who then owe tax on their individual allocations.

If you buy mutual fund shares toward the end of the year, your cost may include the value of undistributed earnings that have previously accrued within the fund. If the fund then distributes those earnings at year-end, you’ll pay tax on your share even though you paid for the built-up earnings when you bought the shares and thus realized no profit. Additionally, if the fund sold investments during the year at a profit, you’ll be taxed on your share of its year-end distribution of the gain, even if you didn’t own the fund at the time the investments were sold.

Therefore, if you’re considering buying a mutual fund late in the year, ask if it’s going to make a large year-end distribution, and if so, buy after the distribution is completed. Conversely, if you’re selling appreciated shares that you’ve held for over a year, do so before a scheduled distribution, to ensure that your entire profit will be treated as long-term capital gain.

Most mutual fund earnings are taxable (unless earned within a retirement account) even if you automatically reinvest them. Funds must report their annual distributions on Forms 1099, which also indicate the nature of the distributions (interest, capital gains, etc.) so you can determine the proper tax treatment.

Outside the funds, shareholders generate capital gains or losses whenever they sell their shares. The gains or losses are computed by subtracting selling expenses and the “basis” of the shares (generally purchase costs) from the selling price. Determining the basis requires keeping records of each purchase of fund shares, including purchases made by reinvestments of fund earnings. Although mutual funds are now required to track and report shareholders’ cost basis, that requirement only applies to funds acquired after 2011.

When mutual funds are held within IRAs, 401(k) plans, and other qualified retirement plans, their earnings are tax-deferred. However, distributions from such plans are taxed as ordinary income, regardless of how the original earnings would have been taxed if the mutual funds had been held outside the plan. (Roth IRAs are an exception to this treatment.)

If you’re considering buying or selling mutual funds and would like to learn more about them, give us a call.

*This newsletter is issued quarterly to provide you with an informative summary of current business, financial, and tax planning news and opportunities. Do not apply this general information to your specific situation without additional details and/or professional assistance.

To expense or to capitalize? If you buy, build or repair business assets, you might ask that question when deciding whether your costs are currently deductible on your federal income tax return or whether they’re considered capital improvements. Since deductions for capital improvements are typically spread over the life of an asset, the answer can be important even when accelerated depreciation methods are available.

 

New tax rules can make the expense-or-capitalize decision easier. These “repair regulations” provide guidelines and safe harbors to help you determine when certain purchases and expenditures are considered repairs, maintenance, improvements, materials or supplies that can be deducted in the year of purchase. Here’s an overview of safe harbor rules that may affect the way you classify expenses.

 

De minimis purchases. In general, you can deduct the cost of tangible property purchased during a taxable year if the amount you pay for the property is less than $500 per invoice, or per item. This is an all-or-nothing rule, meaning if an asset costs more than $500, you cannot take a partial deduction.

 

To take the deduction, you’ll need a written accounting policy in place by the beginning of your tax year, and you’re required to file an annual statement with your federal tax return.

 

Note: This safe harbor does not apply to intangible assets such as computer software.

 

Repairs and maintenance. You can expense costs for routine maintenance of buildings and other property. For buildings, “routine” means maintenance you expect to perform more than once in a ten-year period. The costs for material additions or defects or for adapting your property to a new or different use are not considered routine maintenance, and they should be capitalized.

 

For other assets, “routine” is defined as maintenance you expect to undertake more than once during the asset’s depreciable class life.

 

Improvements. Generally, improvements you make to your business building are capitalized and depreciated over the life of the building. Under the new rules, if your business’s gross receipts are $10 million or less and the unadjusted basis of your building is $1 million or less, you may choose to write off the cost of improvements.

 

You can make the election annually on a building-by-building basis for property you own or lease by filing a statement with your tax return. To qualify, the total amount you pay during the year for repairs, maintenance, and improvements cannot be greater than $10,000 or 2% of the unadjusted basis of the building, whichever is less.

 

Note: The total includes amounts you deduct under the “repairs and maintenance” and “de minimis” safe harbors.

 

Materials and supplies. Incidental materials and supplies – supplies for which you do not maintain an inventory – costing less than $200 can be expensed in the year of purchase.

 

Note: This safe harbor does not affect prior rules for deducting materials and supplies, such as restaurant smallwares.

 

The repair regulations will affect your federal income tax return. In some cases, you can apply the new rules to prior years. Please contact Cray Kaiser today for additional information.

The tax law provides a valuable tax-saving opportunity to business owners and real estate investors who want to sell property and acquire similar property at about the same time. This tax break is known as a like-kind or tax-deferred exchange. By following certain rules, you can postpone some or all of the tax that would otherwise be due when you sell property at a gain.

A like-kind exchange simply involves swapping assets that are similar in nature. For example, you can trade an old business vehicle for a new one, or you can swap land for a strip mall. However, you can’t swap your vehicle for an apartment building because the properties are not similar. Certain types of assets don’t qualify for a tax-deferred exchange, including inventory, accounts receivable, stocks and bonds, and your personal residence.

Typically, an equal swap is rare; some amount of cash or debt must change hands between two parties to complete an exchange. Cash or other dissimilar property received in an exchange may be taxable.

It is not necessary for the exchange of properties to be simultaneous. However, in the case of such a “deferred” exchange, the replacement property must be specifically identified in writing within 45 days and must be received within 180 days (or by your tax return due date, if earlier), after transfer of the exchange property.

With a real estate exchange, it is unusual to find two parties whose properties are suitable to each other. This isn’t a problem because the rules allow for three-party exchanges. Three-party exchanges require the use of an intermediary. The intermediary coordinates the paperwork and holds your sale proceeds until you find a replacement property. Then he forwards the money to your closing agent to complete the exchange.

When done properly, exchanges let you trade up in value without owing tax on a sale. There’s no limit on the number of times you can exchange property. If you would like to learn more about tax-deferred exchanges, contact us.

 

*This newsletter is issued quarterly to provide you with an informative summary of current business, financial, and tax planning news and opportunities. Do not apply this general information to your specific situation without additional details and/or professional assistance.

Wedding bells bring rejoicing – and financial changes. If you’re marrying for the second time, the changes might seem overwhelming. On the surface, tax and financial planning for a second marriage is similar to that of a first marriage, but there’s more to taxes and marriage the second time around.

 

For example, no matter what month you hold the ceremony, the IRS will consider you married for the full year. That means employer-provided fringe benefits and taxes withheld from your paychecks could require adjustment. Depending on how much each of you earns and your past financial history, you’ll have to decide what filing status will be most beneficial, and how best to take advantage of tax breaks that may become available.

 

With a second marriage, you have even more decisions to make, including how you’ll merge your assets. Will you purchase a new home? If both of you already own separate homes, you may each qualify for a $250,000 federal income tax exemption on the profit from the sale, as long as you have lived in the home for at least two of the last five years. If only one of you meets the requirements for the exemption, consider selling the qualifying home and living in the other for a while.

 

You or your spouse might also have substantial debt or financial obligations. Discuss your financial histories, including alimony or child support still owed and past bankruptcies. Decide who will provide for the college expenses of the children in your now-combined household. Depending on your age, you may want to investigate the effect of the marriage on your social security benefits.

 

Consider estate issues too, such as updating retirement plans with new beneficiary designations and retitling bank and brokerage accounts. Be sure to discuss how heirs from previous marriages will be provided for, and remember to update your wills.

 

A second wedding is a joyful event for you, your new spouse, and your extended families. To give your marriage an added advantage, call us before you say, “I do.” We’ll offer our congratulations – followed by useful financial and tax planning advice.

 

Taxes and Marriage Checklist: After the Wedding

Don’t wait too long after the wedding to spend a little time on tax matters. Here’s a checklist of things to consider:

 

• If you’ve taken your spouse’s last name or hyphenated your last name, you need to notify the Social Security Administration. The agency will link your new name to your social security number and issue a new social security card.
• Update your will and other estate planning documents. Don’t forget to review the beneficiaries on your IRAs, 401(k) plan, and life insurance policies. You’ll want to make sure your documents are updated and taxes are minimized in the event of your disability or death.
• If you move to a new home, send a change of address to the IRS, the financial institutions where you have accounts, and current-year employers. Then your W-2s and IRS notices will find their way to you.
• Your marital status for tax filing is determined by your status on the last day of the year. Calculate the impact of the marriage penalty to see whether you need to change your income tax withholding. File a new Form W-4 with your employer’s payroll department to notify them of your name change and any withholding change.

 

If you have questions about taxes and marriage, please contact Cray Kaiser today.

There’s nothing good about being selected for an IRS audit. At best it’s a time consuming nuisance, and at worst you’ll be poorer in the end. But you can reduce your likelihood of being audited, or if you are selected, of being billed.

There are three types of IRS audits. The simplest and most common is a correspondence audit, where the IRS mails you a request for further information about one or more items on your return. In most cases the issues can be resolved by responding with the appropriate documentation.

If you’re selected for an office audit, the IRS will schedule an appointment for you to meet with an auditor at their local facility. They’ll tell you in advance which specific areas of your return(s) will be addressed and what types of documentation you should bring in.

A field audit is more comprehensive. An IRS agent will travel to your home, business, or representative’s office, review the returns at issue, request documentation for questioned items, and ultimately issue a report either recommending a tax change or accepting the returns as filed.

The Selection Process

Correspondence audits are often triggered by information matching. The IRS receives W-2s, 1099s, and similar reports from businesses and financial institutions and matches the numbers to the tax returns filed by the individuals involved. If the returns don’t agree with reported figures, the individual will be asked for an explanation and/or simply mailed a bill.

The IRS also uses a computer scoring system to select audits. Based on past experience, the system assigns a score to each tax return indicating the likelihood that the tax was understated or certain income was not reported. Common red flags include the following:

• Disproportionately high charitable deductions in relation to income.
• Large deductions for travel, entertainment, and business meals.
• Unusually high ratios of business use claimed for automobiles.
• Unusually high home office deductions.
• Excessive and/or repeated business losses.
• Unreported foreign bank accounts.
• Frequent large cash purchases or deposits (reported by outside parties).
• It’s advisable to be conservative on your tax returns with respect to these “red flag “ areas, although you needn’t forgo claiming legitimate deductions. Be prepared to support your position by keeping meticulous records and retaining every relevant document.

2015 Audit Activity

In 2015, above-average audit activity may be expected for upper income individuals, sole business proprietors, partnerships, and S corporations. Cash-intensive enterprises (bars, restaurants, taxis, hair salons, etc.) are particularly apt to receive a higher rate of scrutiny, as are industry categories that tend to have high rates of deductions not independently reported to the IRS (such as construction and real estate rental businesses).

If you do happen to be selected for an audit, call us. We’re prepared to assist you with whatever is needed.

*This newsletter is issued quarterly to provide you with an informative summary of current business, financial, and tax planning news and opportunities. Do not apply this general information to your specific situation without additional details and/or professional assistance.